November marks Lung Cancer Awareness Month, a time to pause, breathe, and talk about one of the world’s most serious yet misunderstood cancers. It’s not just a “smoker’s disease” non-smokers are increasingly being diagnosed too, thanks to air pollution, passive smoke, and genetic factors. The scary part? Early symptoms often feel harmless, a lingering cough, breathlessness, or fatigue that most people brush off. But catching it early makes all the difference.This month is about spreading awareness, encouraging regular screenings like low-dose CT scans for those at risk, and reminding everyone that quitting smoking really does save lives. Even better, lung health can bounce back with time, good nutrition, and clean air habits. So if you’ve been ignoring that cough or skipping your health checks, maybe November’s the perfect time to start paying attention,because your lungs are literally your life’s breath.We at TOI spoke to Dr Anadi Pachaury, Associate Director & Unit Head, Surgical Oncology, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Shalimar Bagh and Dr. Arun Kumar Goel, Chairman, Surgical Oncology, Andromeda Cancer Hospital.
What are the early warning signs and symptoms of lung cancer that people often overlook?
Dr Anadi Pachaury: Many people dismiss the early signs of lung cancer because they resemble common chest or seasonal issues. A cough that lingers for weeks, mild chest discomfort, hoarseness, or breathlessness on routine activities can all be early indicators. Some may notice fatigue or recurrent chest infections. Even small traces of blood in sputum should never be ignored and need medical attention.Dr. Arun Kumar Goel: In the early stages, lung cancer is often hard to detect as the symptoms are considered to be minor. The symptoms include a cough which persists for more than three weeks, blood in sputum, shortness of breath without explanation, frequent chest infections, pain in the chest or back, changes in the voice, loss of weight, or tiredness. These symptoms should always be taken seriously, particularly by smokers or those living in polluted areas.
How does smoking increase the risk of lung cancer, and are non-smokers equally vulnerable?
Both the experts say: Cigarette smoke contains thousands of harmful chemicals — many of which are carcinogens that damage DNA in lung cells. The longer and heavier a person smokes, the greater their chance of developing lung cancer. But non-smokers aren’t completely safe — prolonged exposure to air pollution, secondhand smoke, or genetic factors can also trigger cancer.
What are the most effective ways to reduce the risk of developing lung cancer?
“The most powerful step to prevent lung cancer is to quit smoking completely—there’s no safe limit. Avoid secondhand smoke, reduce exposure to air pollution and workplace chemicals, and keep your home well-ventilated. Use air purifiers, clean-burning fuels, and wear protective masks on high-pollution days. People with a history of heavy smoking should discuss annual low-dose CT scans with their doctor for early detection. Regular health checkups and vaccinations for flu and pneumonia further support long-term lung health. Striking out smoking and improving air quality together create a strong defense against lung damage and cancer,” advise the experts.
How does diet, exercise, and overall lifestyle influence lung health and cancer prevention?
Dr Anadi Pachaury: Good nutrition and regular exercise make a real difference. Foods rich in antioxidants—like leafy greens, fruits, and nuts—help protect cells from damage. Physical activity keeps the lungs strong and supports better oxygen flow. Avoiding processed foods, alcohol, and polluted environments also goes a long way in preserving lung health.Dr. Arun Kumar Goel: Life that is well-balanced is the main factor to lung immunity. Include antioxidant-rich food such as fruits, green leafy vegetables, turmeric, and nuts in your diet and at the same time cut down on fried or processed foods. Dedicate 30 to 45 minutes for daily exercise which will increase your lung capacity. If you are at a healthy weight, restrict alcohol intake, and practice relaxation methods and deep-breathing exercises such as pranayama, then your lungs will be stronger.
What should ex-smokers do to lower their long-term lung cancer risk?
“Do not start smoking again and have yearly lung check-ups. People between 50-80 years old with a history of heavy smoking may consider getting low-dose CT scans. Along with this, eating healthy, staying active, and avoiding exposure to pollutants and smoke from others are some of the measures that can be taken. These actions will bring down the risk of lung cancer in ex-smokers and promote good respiratory health,” recommends Dr Goel. “Even after quitting, it’s important to stay committed to a healthy lifestyle. Eat well, exercise regularly, and go for periodic health checks. Discuss lung screening with your doctor, especially if you smoked for several years. The body continues to heal over time—lung function and risk both improve steadily after quitting,” advises Dr Pachaury.
What are the biggest myths or misconceptions about lung cancer that you’d like to correct?
A common myth is that lung cancer only affects smokers, but anyone can develop it — though smoking remains the leading cause. Non-smokers face risks from air pollution, secondhand smoke, and genetic factors. Another misconception is that quitting smoking doesn’t help once damage is done, which is completely false. The benefits of quitting begin within weeks, and the risk keeps dropping every year. Early detection offers the best chance of cure, and newer therapies continue to improve survival. Persistent cough or breathlessness should never be ignored, and no herbal remedy can reverse the DNA damage caused by smoking, say the experts.